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阅读理解真题考研英语1

Text 3

Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain’s

National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both

sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI)

companies in the world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very

great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech

giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner,

Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital

trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million

patients In 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little

account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy.

DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further

arrangements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be

carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked

of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about

informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this

case and not even the most important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame

on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind

merely “processed” it. But this distinction misses the point that it is

processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data

value.

The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data

that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an

individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the

surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only

when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.

The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels

slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not

enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and

save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which

developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the

scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has

done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may

turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to

avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denham’s report is a welcome start.

31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?

[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.

[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient’s rights.

[C] It fell short of the latter’s expectations

[D] It put both sides into a dangerous situation.

32. The NHS trust responded to Denham’s verdict with

[A] empty promises.

[B] tough resistance.

[C] necessary adjustments.

[D] sincere apologies.

33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 that

[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.

[B] leaking patients’ data is worse than selling it.

[C] making profits from patients’ data is illegal.

[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it

34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal

is

[A] the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.

[B] the ineffective enforcement of privacy law.

[C] the uncontrolled use of new software.

[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.

35.The author’s attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is

[A] ambiguous.

[B] cautious.

[C] appreciative.

[D] contemptuous.

阅读理解真题考研英语2

Text 3

The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid

for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – such as television commercials

and print advertisements – still play a major role， companies today can exploit

many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a product may create

“owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers

registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of

factors beyond conventional paid media.

Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own

products. For earned media ， such marketers act as the initiator for users‘

responses. But in some cases， one marketer’s owned media become another

marketer‘s paid media – for instance， when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space

on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so

strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within

that environment. This trend ，which we believe is still in its infancy，

effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and

hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson & Johnson， for example， has

created BabyCenter， a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and

even competitive products. Besides generating income， the presence of other

marketers makes the site seem objective， gives companies opportunities to learn

valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing， and may

help expand user traffic for all companies concerned.

The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with

more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that

passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker， more visible， and

much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media：

an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers， other stakeholders， or

activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of

social networks， for instance， are learning that they can hijack media to apply

pressure on the businesses that originally created them.

If that happens， passionate consumers would try to persuade others to

boycott products， putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such

a case， the company‘s response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful， and

the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor， for example， alleviated some of

the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and

well-orchestrated social-media response campaign， which included efforts to

engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site

Digg.

31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are

[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.

[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.

[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.

[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.

32. According to Paragraph 2，sold media feature

[A] a safe business environment.

[B] random competition.

[C] strong user traffic.

[D] flexibility in organization.

33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media

[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.

[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.

[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.

[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.

34. Toyota Motor‘s experience is cited as an example of

[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.

[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.

[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.

[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.

35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?

[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.

[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.

[C] Dominance of hijacked media.

[D] Popularity of owned media.

阅读理解真题考研英语3

Text 3

Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation

of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to

climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little

future to look forward to.

But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species

have endured for millions of years – so why shouldn’t we? Take a broader look at

our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an

excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years

(see “100,000 AD: Living in the deep future”). Look up Homo sapiens in the

IUCN’s “Red List” of threatened species, and you will read: “Listed as Least

Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently

increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population

decline.”

So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and

organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the

Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers

and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very

long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside

a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of

years hence.

Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea

that we should recognise a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are

pulling the camera right back and asking what humanity’s impact will be on the

planet – in the context of stratigraphic time.

Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales

than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today’s

technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it’s

perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the

many possibilities we can envisage. That’s one reason why we have launched Arc,

a new publication dedicated to the near future.

But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say

with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future:

we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of

the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the

situations in which our descendants will find themselves.

This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more

likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our

species may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we are now

knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence

of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our

place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us

today, and to make a future worth living in.

31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by

[A] our desire for ares of fulfillment

[B] our faith in science and teched

[C] our awareness of potential risks

[D] our bdief in equal opportunity

32. The IUCN“Rod List”suggest that human beings on

[A] a sustained species

[B] the word’s deminant power

[C] a threat to the environment

[D] a misplaced race

33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?

[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.

[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.

[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.

[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.

34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to

[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources.

[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world.

[C] draw on our experience from the past.

[D] curb our ambition to reshape history.

35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] Uncertainty about Our Future

[B] Evolution of the Human Species

[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind.

[D] Science, Technology and Humanity.

阅读理解真题考研英语4

Text 3

The US$3-million Fundamental physics prize is indeed an interesting

experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in

March. And it is far from the only one of its type. As a News Feature article in

Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the

Nobel Prizes in recent years. Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are

funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.

These benefactors have succeeded in their chosen fields, they say, and they want

to use their wealth to draw attention to those who have succeeded in

science.

What’s not to like? Quite a lot, according to a handful of scientists

quoted in the News Feature. You cannot buy class, as the old saying goes, and

these upstart entrepreneurs cannot buy their prizes the prestige of the Nobels,

The new awards are an exercise in self-promotion for those behind them, say

scientists. They could distort the achievement-based system of peer-review-led

research. They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. They do

not fund peer-reviewed research. They perpetuate the myth of the lone

genius.

The goals of the prize-givers seem as scattered as the criticism.Some want

to shock, others to draw people into science, or to better reward those who have

made their careers in research.

As Nature has pointed out before, there are some legitimate concerns about

how science prizes—both new and old—are distributed. The Breakthrough Prize in

Life Sciences, launched this year, takes an unrepresentative view of what the

life sciences include.But the Nobel Foundation’s limit of three recipients per

prize, each of whom must still be living, has long been outgrown by the

collaborative nature of modern research—as will be demonstrated by the

inevitable row over who is ignored when it comes to acknowledging the discovery

of the Higgs boson. The Nobels were, of course,themselves set up by a very rich

individual who had decided what he wanted to do with his own money. Time, rather

than intention, has given them legitimacy.

As much as some scientists may complain about the new awards, two things

seem clear. First, most researchers would accept such a prize if they were

offered one. Second, it is surely a good thing that the money and attention come

to science rather than go elsewhere, It is fair to criticize and question the

mechanism—that is the culture of research, after all—but it is the prize-givers’

money to do with as they please. It is wise to take such gifts with gratitude

and grace.

31.The Fundamental Physical Prize is seen as

[A]a symbol of the entrepreneurs’s wealth.

[B]a possible replacement of the Nobel Prize.

[C]an example of bankers’ investment.

[D]a handsome reward for researchers.

32.The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

[A]the profit-oriented scientists.

[B]the founders of the new award.

[C]the achievement-based system.

[D]peer-review-led research.

33.What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?

[A]controversies over the recipients’ status.

[B]the joint effort of modern researchers.

[C]legitimate concerns over the new prize.

[D]the demonstration of research findings.

34.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one one feel

[A]Their endurance has done justice to them.

[B]Their legitimacy has long been in dispute.

[C]They are the most representative honor.

[D]History has never cast doubt on them.

35.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

[A]acceptable despite the criticism.

[B]harmful to the culture of research.

[C]subject to undesirable changes.

[D]unworthy of public attention.