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考研英语一阅读理解真题1

Text 1

Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will

probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the

robots come for their jobs?

Don’t dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at

high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with

the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening

or day care don’t appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking,

financial advice, software engineering — have aroused their interest, or soon

will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.

This isn’t to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval

has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well

for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually

raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise,

automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving

down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term,

middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.

The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second

Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums —from

grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and

more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a

better job of fostering problem-solving skills and helping students work

alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could

make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire

new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.

The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to

revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier.

In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the

transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of

3D printers and virtual reality haven’t been invented yet. The U.S. needs the

new companies that will invent them.

Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital

income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.

Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned

income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work,

reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.

Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few

years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers

upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs

would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.

21.Who will be most threatened by automation?

[A] Leading politicians.

[B]Low-wage laborers.

[C]Robot owners.

[D]Middle-class workers.

22 .Which of the following best represent the author’s view?

[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.

[B]Optimists’ opinions on new tech find little support.

[C]Issues arising from automation need to be tackled

[D]Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided

23.Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on

[A] creative potential.

[B]job-hunting skills.

[C]individual needs.

[D]cooperative spirit.

24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at

[A] encouraging the development of automation.

[B]increasing the return on capital investment.

[C]easing the hostility between rich and poor.

[D]preventing the income gap from widening.

25.In this text, the author presents a problem with

[A] opposing views on it.

[B]possible solutions to it.

[C]its alarming impacts.

[D]its major variations.

考研英语一阅读理解真题2

Text 1

The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next

music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the

sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part， the response

has been favorable， to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony

Tommasini， a sober-sided classical-music critic.

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise， however， is

that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini， who had advocated

Gilbert‘s appointment in the Times， calls him “an unpretentious musician with no

air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music

director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav

Mahler and Pierre Boulez， that seems likely to have struck at least some Times

readers as faint praise.

For my part， I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a

good one. To be sure， he performs an impressive variety of interesting

compositions， but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall， or

anywhere else， to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go

to my CD shelf， or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music

from iTunes.

Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live

performance are missing the point. For the time， attention， and money of the

art-loving public， classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera

houses， dance troupes， theater companies， and museums， but also with the

recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.

There recordings are cheap， available everywhere， and very often much higher in

artistic quality than today‘s live performances; moreover， they can be

“consumed” at a time and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespread

availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the

institution of the traditional classical concert.

One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new

music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert‘s own interest in new music

has been widely noted： Alex Ross， a classical-music critic， has described him as

a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different，

more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference?

Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and

the Philharmonic are to succeed， they must first change the relationship between

America‘s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.

21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert‘s appointment has

[A]incurred criticism.

[B]raised suspicion.

[C]received acclaim.

[D]aroused curiosity.

22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is

[A]influential.

[B]modest.

[C]respectable.

[D]talented.

23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers

[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.

[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.

[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.

[D]overestimate the value of live performances.

24. According to the text， which of the following is true of

recordings?

[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.

[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.

[C]They help improve the quality of music.

[D]They have only covered masterpieces.

25. Regarding Gilbert‘s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic， the author

feels

[A]doubtful.

[B]enthusiastic.

[C]confident.

[D]puzzled.

考研英语一阅读理解真题3

Text 1

In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played

by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high

fashion doesn’t affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the

assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments

stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her

garment.

This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of

date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth

Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so

,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M,

and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.

Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more

profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as

disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that

–and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at

dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,

shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.

The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers.

For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around

the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain

natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers

like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast

food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues.

Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items

per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to

waste.

Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn

woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes

– and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades

to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.

Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their

impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green

Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by

the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of

sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will

only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.

21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her

[A] poor bargaining skill.

[B] insensitivity to fashion.

[C] obsession with high fashion.

[D] lack of imagination.

22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to

[A] combat unnecessary waste.

[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.

[C] resist the influence of advertisements.

[D] shop for their garments more frequently.

23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to

[A] accusation.

[B] enthusiasm.

[C] indifference.

[D] tolerance.

24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?

[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.

[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.

[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.

[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.

25. What is the subject of the text?

[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.

[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.

[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.

[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.

考研英语一阅读理解真题4

Text 1

In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George

Orbome, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search”

scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV register for

online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for

benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could

be more reasonable?

More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait

for the jobseeker’s allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for

work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “We’re doing these things because we

know they help people say off benefits and help those on benefits get into work

faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned

chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an

obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly

unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness. What motivated him, we were to

understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer,

controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants

received their benefits.

Losing a job is hurting: you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song

in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the

generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and

you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now

not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now

not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose

and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your

family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they

want and the answer is always: a job.

But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency

—permanent dependency if you can get it — supported by a state only too ready to

indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the

job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of

British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of

unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even

the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” — invented in 1996 — is about redefining

the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or

she has earned through making national insurance contributions.Instead, the

claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a

job; no entitlement and no insurance, at ?71.70 a week, one of the least

generous in the EU.

21.George Osborne’s scheme was intended to

[A]provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.

[B]encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.

[C]motivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.

[D]guarantee jobseekers’ legitimate right to benefits.

22.The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably means

[A]to check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.

[B]to accept the government’s restrictions on the allowance.

[C]to register for an allowance from the government.

[D]to attend a governmental job-training program.

23.What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?

[A]A desire to secure a better life for all.

[B]An eagerness to protect the unemployed.

[C]An urge to be generous to the claimants.

[D]A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.

24.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one one feel

[A]uneasy.

[B]enraged.

[C]insulted.

[D]guilty.

25.To which of the following would the author most probably agree?

[A]The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.

[B]Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.

[C]The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.

[D]Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.