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英语一阅读理解考研真题1

Text 2

A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young

Americans disapprove of President Trump’s use of Twitter. The implication is

that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other

source, Not a president’s social media platform.

Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as

distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their

media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016

presidential campaign, nearly a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users

in the politically critical state of Michigan was fake news, according to the

University of Oxford. And a survey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent

of Facebook users rarely or never trust news from the media giant.

Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillful at

separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group

survey of young people between ages 14and24 found they use “distributed trust”

to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different

perspectives—especially those that are open about any bias. “Many young people

assume a great deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and

actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.

Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in

Australia, Britain, and the United States by the University of Wisconsin-Madison

found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political

engagement.

Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and

immediately while also permitting them to re-share news as a projection of their

values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in

passing along information. A survey by Barna research group found the top reason

given by Americans for the fake news phenomenon is “reader error,” more so than

made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a third say the problem

of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via

social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be

the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility

in counteracting this problem,” says Roxanne Stone, editor in chief at Barna

Group.

So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they

reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills – and in their choices on when to

share on social media.

26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts

on

[A] the justification of the news-filtering practice.

[B] people’s preference for social media platforms.

[C] the administrations ability to handle information.

[D] social media was a reliable source of news.

27. The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Para. 2) is closest in meaning to

[A] sharpen

[B] define

[C] boast

[D] share

28. According to the knight foundation survey, young people

[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.

[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.

[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.

[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”

29. The Barna survey found that a main cause for the fake news problem

is

[A] readers outdated values.

[B] journalists’ biased reporting

[C] readers’ misinterpretation

[D] journalists’ made-up stories.

30. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online

[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend

[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.

[D] The Platforms for Projection of Personal Interests.

英语一阅读理解考研真题2

TEXT 2

Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme

Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone

without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.

California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,

particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search

through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the

state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing

technologies.

The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.

Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice

can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.

They should start by discarding California’s lame argument that exploring

the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is

similar to say, going through a suspect’s purse .The court has ruled that police

don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or

pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one’s smartphone is

more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee’s

reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of

recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing.” meanwhile, has made

that exploration so much the easier.

But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole. New,

disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s

protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and

accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment

of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had

to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;

they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information

now.

26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is

legitimate to

[A] search for suspects’ mobile phones without a warrant.

[B] check suspects’ phone contents without being authorized.

[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.

[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.

27. The author’s attitude toward California’s argument is one of

[A] tolerance.

[B] indifference.

[C] disapproval.

[D] cautiousness.

28. The author believes that exploring one’s phone content is comparable

to

[A] getting into one’s residence.

[B] handing one’s historical records.

[C] scanning one’s correspondences.

[D] going through one’s wallet.

29. In Paragraph 5 and 6, the author shows his concern that

[A] principles are hard to be clearly expressed.

[B] the court is giving police less room for action.

[C] phones are used to store sensitive information.

[D] citizens’ privacy is not effective protected.

30.Orin Kerr’s comparison is quoted to indicate that

(A)the Constitution should be implemented flexibly.

(B)New technology requires reinterpretation of the Constitution.

(C)California’s argument violates principles of the Constitution.

(D)Principles of the Constitution should never be altered.

英语一阅读理解考研真题3

Text 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August， his

explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the

usual vague excuses， he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my

goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my

decision，” McGee says. Within two weeks， he was talking for the first time with

the board of Hartford Financial Services Group， which named him CEO and chairman

on September 29.

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on

what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the

outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn‘t alone. In recent weeks the

No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they

were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response

to shareholder pressure， executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move

on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of

letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold， deputy chiefs may be

more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter， CEO turnover

was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had，

according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up， opportunities will

abound for aspiring leaders.

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is

unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule

that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says

Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey：“I can‘t think of a single search I’ve

done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”

Those who jumped without a job haven‘t always landed in top positions

quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age， saying she wanted

to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based

commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to

be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years

later.

Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The

financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a

bad one. “The traditional rule was it‘s safer to stay where you are， but that’s

been fundamentally inverted，” says one headhunter. “The people who‘ve been hurt

the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”

26. When McGee announced his departure， his manner can best be described as

being

[A]arrogant.

[B]frank.

[C]self-centered.

[D]impulsive.

27. According to Paragraph 2， senior executives‘ quitting may be spurred

by

[A]their expectation of better financial status.

[B]their need to reflect on their private life.

[C]their strained relations with the boards.

[D]their pursuit of new career goals.

28. The word “poached” (Line 3， Paragraph 4) most probably means

[A]approved of.

[B]attended to.

[C]hunted for.

[D]guarded against.

29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.

[B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.

[C]top performers care more about reputations.

[D]it‘s safer to stick to the traditional rules.

30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

[A]CEOs： Where to Go?

[B]CEOs： All the Way Up?

[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net

[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers

英语一阅读理解考研真题4

Text 2

An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the

trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory

,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click

on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to

buy.

In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to

advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that

people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have

explicit permission?

In December 2010 America’s Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding

a “do not track “(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell

adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft’s Internet Explorer

and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT ;Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year. In

February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry

would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.

On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer

10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.

It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does

not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do

so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether

they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and

press on anyway.

Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad

business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still

working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on

default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point

for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably

with Google’s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft’s chief privacy

officer, bloggde:”we believe consumers should have more control.” Could it

really be that simple?

26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers

to:

[A] ease competition among themselves

[B] lower their operational costs

[C] avoid complaints from consumers

[D] provide better online services

27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:

[A] online advertisers

[B] e-commerce conductors

[C] digital information analysis

[D] internet browser developers

28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default

[A] many cut the number of junk ads

[B] fails to affect the ad industry

[C] will not benefit consumers

[D] goes against human nature

29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?

[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose

[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT

[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers

[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads

30. The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is

one of:

[A] indulgence

[B] understanding

[C] appreciaction

[D] skepticism